求英文翻译- -

Translation studies is a relatively new academic research area that has expanded explosively in recent years. While translation was formerly studied as a language-learning methodology or as part of comparative literature, translation “workshop” and contrastive linguistics courses, the new discipline owes much to the work of James S. Holmes, whose “The name and nature of translation studies ”proposed both a name and a structure for the field. The interrelated branches of theoretical, descriptive and applied translation studies have structured much recent research and have assisted in bridging the gulf that had grown between the theory and practice of translation.Writings on the subject of translating go far back in recorded history. The practice of translation was discussed by, for example, Cicero and Horace (first century BCE) and St Jerome (fourth century CE); their writings were to exert an important influence up until the twentieth century. In St Jerome’s case, his approach to translating the Greek Septuagint Bible into Latin would affect later translations of the Scriptures. Indeed, the translation of the Bible was to be—for well over a thousand years and especially during the Reformation in the sixteenth century—the battle-ground of conflicting ideologies in Western Europe.